Special Offers

Bandwidth: 6 GHz The TSG4100A Series RF Vector Signal Generator offers mid-range performance and up to 200 MHz modulation bandwidth at an entry-level RF signal generator price. They use a new technique to provide spurious free outputs with low phase noise (-113 dBc/Hz at 20 kHz offset from 1 GHz carrier) and extraordinary frequency resolution (1 μHz at any frequency). The TSG4100A Series comes standard with analog modulation. Convenient, in-field software upgrades allow for easy transition from analog to more advanced vector and digital modulation capabilities, providing the most flexible configuration and best CAPEX protection. These instruments complement other leading mid-range RF test solutions from Tektronix, such as the USB-based RSA306 Spectrum Analyzer and MDO4000B and MDO3000 Mixed Domain Oscilloscopes. The TSG4100A Series instruments use an ovenized SC-cut oscillator (TSG410xA-M00 or E1 models) time-base, providing a 100 X improvement in stability (and a 100 X reduction in the in-close phase noise) compared to instruments that use a TCXO time-base.

Key performance specifications

• True DC to 2 GHz, 4 GHz or 6 GHz to support both analog and vector/digital signal generation
• Typical ≤±0.30 dB amplitude accuracy (0 dBm CW signal at 22 ºC) from 10 MHz to 6 GHz
• I/Q modulation inputs (400 MHz RF bandwidth) ASK, FSK, MSK, PSK, QAM, VSB, and custom I/Q

Key features

• Analog and vector/digital signal generation capabilities
• Dual baseband ARB generators
• Analog modulation standard
• Soft key upgrade to vector/digital modulation at very low cost
• Digital modulation applications for GSM, EDGE, W-CDMA, APCO-25, DECT, NADC, PDC, and TETRA
• USB, GPIB, RS-232, and LAN interfaces
• 12 pounds (5.6 kg)
• 2U high and half standard rack width

Analog modulation
The Tektronix TSG4100A Series RF Vector Signal Generators offer a wide variety of modulation capabilities. Modes include amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (ΦM), and pulse modulation. There is an internal modulation source as well as an external modulation input. The internal modulation source produces sine, ramp, saw, square, and noise waveforms. An external modulation signal may be applied to the rear panel modulation input. The internal modulation generator is available as an output on the rear panel.
Vector modulation
The TSG4100A Series builds on this performance by adding full support for vector signal modulation on RF carriers between 400 MHz and 6.0 GHz. It features a dual arbitrary waveform generator operating at 125 MHz for baseband signal generation. The generator has built-in support for the most common vector modulation schemes: ASK, QPSK, DQPSK, π/4 DQPSK, 8PSK, FSK, CPM, QAM (4 to 256), 8VSB, and 16VSB. It also includes built-in support for all the standard pulse shaping filters used in digital communications: raised cosine, root-raised cosine, Gaussian, rectangular, triangular, and more. Lastly, it provides direct support for the controlled injection of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) into the signal path.
Internal baseband generators
Using a novel architecture for I/Q modulation, the TSG4100A Series provides quick, user-friendly waveform generation. The baseband generator supports the playback of pure digital data. It automatically maps digital symbols into a selected I/Q constellation at symbol rates of up to 6 MHz and passes the result through the selected pulse shaping filter to generate a final waveform updated in real time at 125 MHz. This baseband signal is then modulated onto an RF carrier using standard IQ modulation techniques. Digital communications protocols (GSM, GSM EDGE, W-CDMA, APCO-25, DECT, NADC, PDC, and TETRA) quickly configure the signal generator to the correct modulation type, symbol data rates, TDMA duty cycles, and digital waveform filters. The preset protocols also configure the rear-panel TDMA, START of FRAME, and SYMBOL CLOCK digital outputs. The baseband generators can be configured for these protocols without the use of external computers or third party software. The I/Q waveforms are computed in real time. Symbols are mapped to constellations, digitally filtered, and up-sampled to 125 Msps to drive the I/Q modulator via dual 14-bit DACs. The symbols can be a fixed pattern, PRBS data from an internal source, or come from a downloaded user list of up to 16 Mbits. The constellation mapping can be modified by the user. Digital filters include raised cosine, root raised cosine, Gaussian, rectangular, linear, sinc, and user-defined FIR.
External IQ modulation
The rear-panel BNC I/Q modulation inputs and outputs enable arbitrary vector modulation via an external source. The external signal path supports maximally 400 MHz of RF bandwidth with a full scale range of ±0.5 V and a 50 Ω input impedance.
Power vs. frequency
All TSG4100A Series models have cascaded stages of amplifiers and digital attenuators to drive the RF output. Five stages can provide up to +25 dB of gain to -130 dB of attenuation in 156 digitally controlled steps. During factory calibration, the output power is measured at 32 frequencies per octave for each of the 156 attenuator steps to populate a memory matrix with about 40,000 elements. When set to a particular frequency and power, the instrument interpolates between these matrix elements to determine the best attenuator setting. An analog attenuator is used to provide 0.01 dB resolution between matrix elements and to compensate for residual thermal effects.
OCXO time-base
These instruments offer an oven-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) time-base. The time-base uses a third-overtone stress-compensated 10 MHz resonator in a thermostatically controlled oven. The time-base provides very low phase noise and very low aging.
Easy remote communications
Remote operation is supported with RS-232, LAN, and GPIB interfaces. All instrument functions can be controlled and read over any of the interfaces. Up
to nine instrument configurations can be saved in non-volatile memory.

In-field Upgradable Options :
Basic Vector Modulation, GSM, EDGE, P25, W-CDMA, DECT, NADC, PDC, TETRA, Audio Analysis, External IQ Modulation
Frequency Coverage : 6 GHz

Easiest calibration and verification with accurate results every time.
Measuring and monitoring turbidity is crucial for various industrial and municipalapplications, and Hach’s portable turbidimeter, the 2100Q, provides unsurpassed ease of use and accuracy. With over 80 years of experience, Hach is a leader inturbidity measurement and has consistently developed reliable and durable instruments for customers.
The portable 2100Q turbidity meter is ideal for use in the field or around the plant. It is easy to carry around and take multiple measurements from various collection points in your treatment process. With its intuitive user interface, the 2100Q makes it easy to take measurements and perform calibration and verification. Storing and transferring data from a portable turbidimeter has never been easier.
There is also an optional USB+Power module for the 2100Q portable turbidimeter, which allows you to transfer your data directly to a computer.

The 2100Q portable turbidimeter is compliant with USEPA Method 180.1 design criteria.

• Easy on-screen assisted calibration and verification
• Simple data transfer
• Accurate for rapidly settling samples
• Convenient data logging
• Optical system for precision in the field

Range 2:  NTU
Reading Modes:  Normal (Push to Read)
Signal Averaging
Rapidly Setting Turbidity
Regulatory:  EPA Method 180.1
Repeatability:  ± 1 % of reading or 0.01 NTU , whichever is greater
Response Time:  6 s in normal reading mode
Sample Cell Compatibility:  25 mm x 60 mm round
Sample Requirements:  15 mL (0.5 oz)
Sample Volume:  15 mL
Signal Averaging:  Selectable on/off
Source Lamp:  Tungsten filament lamp
Storage Conditions:  -40 °C to 60 °C
Stray Light:  < 0.02 NTU
Units:  NTU
User Interface:   Button Graphic User Interface
User Interface Languages:  English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese (BR), Portuguese (PT), Bulgarian, Chinese, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, Greek, Hungarian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Romanian, Russian, Slovenian, Swedish, Turkish
Warranty:  12 months
Weight:  0.53 kg without batteries
Key features
Instrument, case assembly, 4 AA alkaline batteries, 6 sample cells, Stablcal ampule kit, silicone oil, oiling cloth, manual.

Hach HQ430D Water Quality Laboratory Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Meter Package with Optical LBOD101 Sensor
Designed for water quality experts, the Hach HQ430D Laboratory Multi-Meter is an advanced laboratory meter that takes the guesswork out of measurements. HQD meters connect with smart IntelliCALⓇ electrodes that automatically recognize the testing parameter, calibration history, and method settings to minimize errors and setup time. The advanced HQD Laboratory Meter is designed to withstand years of continuous lab use. HQD meters feature a simple user interface that does not require manuals or training to operate. The IntelliCAL LBOD101 is the latest embodiment of Hach’s patented Luminescent Dissolved Oxygen (LDO) technology. The LBOD101 is a digital, luminescent dissolved oxygen (LDO) sensor with a replaceable, integrated stirring system. The LBOD101 measures the dissolved oxygen for BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand) determination in BOD bottles in BOD5 testing applications. The LBOD101 electrode is used for initial and final dissolved oxygen measurements. Make your Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) water laboratory quality parameters testing more efficient and flexible Intuitive user interface for simple operation, reliable and accurate results Trust your measurements - IntelliCAL smart probes store all calibrations in the probe Enhance data connectivity with easy to read results Complete convenient kit
Key performance specifications
Automatic Buffer Recognition:  Yes
Backlight: Barometric Pressure Measurement:Automatic compensation of DO when using an LDO or LBOD probe
BOD5/CBOD resolution:    Available when used with Hach WIMS BOD Manager software
BOD Bottle:  300 mL/100 pcs
Calibration:  Demal (1D/ 0.1D/ 0.01D);
Molar (0.1M/ 0.01M/0.001M);
NaCl (0.05%; 25µS/cm; 1000µS/cm; 18mS/cm);
Standard sea water;
User defined
Calibration Intervals/Alerts/Reminder:  Off, selectable from 2 hours to 7 days
Communication:  Integrated USB type A (for USB 2.0 flash memory device, printer, keyboard) and Integrated USB type B (for PC)
Compliance Certifications:  CE.WEEE
Conductivity measurement:  Yes
Conductivity measurement: Temperature correction:None; Linear; NaCl Non-Linear Natural Water.
Conductivity Measurement Range:  0.01 µS/cm - 200.0 mS/cm
Conductivity resolution:  0.01 µS/cm - 0.1 mS/cm upon selected measuring range
Contents:Meter + Probe(s) + Lab. Accessories
Custom Calibration Standards:  Yes
Data Export:  Download via USB connection to PC or flash memory device. Automatically transfer entire data log or as readings are taken.
Data Memory:  500 records/FIFO
Data Storage:Automatic, GLP ISO compliant reading data stored with calibration details.
Dimensions:  859 x 175 x 235 mm (3.38 x 6.88 x 9.25 in.)
Display:   Detailed mode/Large mode
Display Type:  440 x 160 pixel LCD with backlight illumination
DO Measurement Range:  0.1 - 20.0 mg/L (ppm) 1 - 200% saturation
DO Resolution:  0.1
DO sensor calibration: 
• 100% (water-saturated air (100%) calibration
• 100% with 0 (water-saturated air (100%) calibration with 0 point
• mg/L (calibration with a specified dissolved oxygen concentration (mg/L) solution)
• mg/L with 0 (calibration with a specified dissolved oxygen concentration (mg/L) solution with 0 point)
• Factory (calibration with the default LDO calibration)
Electrode Holder: NA
Electrode stand:  Optional
GLP Features:Date; Time; Sample ID; Operator ID
Instrument:  Bench
IP Rating:  IP54 (Resistant to spray of water; Dust-proof)
ISE Direct Measurement Range:  Yes
ISE Electrode Calibration:  2 - 5 points
Kit?:  Yes
Languages:English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Danish, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, Turkish, Swedish, Czech, Russian
Lock Function:Continuous / Auto-stabilization ("press to read") / At Interval
Measurement Method:  Luminescent Dissolved Oxygen
Model:  HQ430D – Multi/1 Channel
mV Measurement at Stable Reading:Yes
mV Measurement Range:-1500 - 1500 mV
mV Resolution:  0.1 mV
Needed Cable Length:   1
Operating Error Messages:  Clear text error messages displayed
Operating Humidity:  90 % relative humidity (non-condensing)
Operating Interface:  Soft Touch Keypad
Operating Temperature:  0 - +60 °C (32 - 140 °F)
ORP Electrode Calibration:  Predefined ORP standards (including Zobell's solution)
Parameter:  pH/Oxydo Reduction Potential (ORP)
Conductivity/Total Dissolved Solid (TDS)/Salinity/Resistivity
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Ion Selective Electrode (ISE):   Ammonia, Ammonium, Chloride, Fluoride, Nitrate, Sodium
PC Data Transfer Software:  HQd Series Meter Data Transfer Utility
pH Buffer Sets:Color-coded:   4.01, 7.00, 10.01 pH;
IUPAC: 1.679, 4.005, 7.000, 10.012, 12.45 pH
DIN: 1.09, 4.65, 9.23 pH
User-defined custom buffer sets
pH Electrode calibration:1 - 3 Calibration points
Calibration summary data logged and displayed
pH Measurement Range:  0 - 14 pH
pH Resolution:Selectable:
0.001/0.01/0.1 pH
Printer:Yes, Optional
Probes included:LBOD10101
Range:0.05 - 20.00 mg/L
Region:US
Resistivity Measurement:  2.5 Ω.cm - 49 MΩ.cm
Resistivity Resolution:  0.1
Salinity Measurement Range:  0 - 42 (ppt) (‰)
Salinity Resolution:  0.01 (ppt) (‰)
Sensor A:  LBOD10101
Sensor B:  NA
Sensor C:  NA
Sensors:  Sensor A: LBOD10101
Sensor B: NA
Sensor C:  NA
TDS Measurement Range:  0.00 mg/L - 50.0 g/L as NaCl
TDS Resolution:  0.01 mg/L - 0.1 g/L upon measuring range.
Temperature Compensation:  Automatic Temperature compensation for pH
Temperature Measurement:°C or °F
Temperature Range:  -10°C - 110 °C
Temperature Resolution:  0.1
Type of measurement:  Lab Wasterwater Monitoring
Warranty:  36 months
Weight:  750 g (1.65 lb) without batterie; 850 g (1.87 lb) with batteries

Keithley 2470 Graphical SourceMeter® Source Measure Unit (SMU) brings advanced touch, test, and Invent® technology for users. This SMU combines an innovative Graphical User Interface (GUI) with 5" capacitive touchscreen technology. This combination is used to make testing intuitive and minimize the learning to help engineers and scientists learn faster, work smarter, and invent easier. The 2470 SourceMeter is optimized to test high voltage, low leakage devices, materials, and modules. This 2470 SMU is the fourth generation of SourceMeter SMUs that use the proven capabilities of the original 2410 high voltage SourceMeter SMU instrument. Applications include SiC, GaN, power MOSFETs, power diodes, leakage current, isolation, Hi-Pot, and dielectric withstanding.

Learn Faster; Work Smarter; Invent Easier

The 2470 features a five-inch, full-color, high resolution touchscreen that supports intuitive operation, helps operators become familiar with the instrument quickly, and optimizes overall speed and productivity. A simple icon-based menu structure reduces the number of steps required to configure a test by as much as 50 percent and eliminates the cumbersome multi-layer menu structures typically used on soft-key instruments. Built-in, context-sensitive help supports intuitive operation and minimizes the need to review a separate manual. These capabilities, combined with the 2470's high versatility, simplify its operation in both basic and advanced measurement applications, regardless of the user's previous experience in working with SMU instruments.

All-in-One SMU Instrument

The 2470, Keithley's fourth generation of SourceMeter SMUs, leverages the proven capabilities of the original 2410 High Voltage SourceMeter SMU Instrument. SMU instruments offer a highly flexible, four-quadrant voltage and current source/load coupled with precision voltage and current measurements. This all-in-one instrument can be used as a:

• Precision power supply with V and I readback

• True current source

• Digital multimeter (DCV, DCI, ohms, and power with 6 1/2-digit resolution)

• Precision electronic load

• Pulse generator

• Trigger controller

Ease of Use Beyond the Touchscreen

In addition to its five-inch color touchscreen, the 2470 front panel offers a variety of features that enhance its speed, user-friendliness, and learnability, including a USB 2.0 memory I/O port, a HELP key, a rotary navigation/control knob, a front/rear input terminal selector button, and banana jacks for basic bench applications. The USB 2.0 memory port simplifies storing test results and instrument configurations, uploading test scripts into the instrument, and installing system upgrades. All front-panel buttons are backlit to enhance visibility in low-light environments.

Four Quick Setup modes simplify instrument setup. With one touch, the instrument can be quickly configured for various operating modes without the need to configure the instrument indirectly for this operation.

Comprehensive Built-in Connectivity

Rear panel access to rear-input connectors, remote control interfaces (GPIB, USB 2.0, and LXI/Ethernet), a D-sub 9-pin digital I/O port (for internal/external trigger signals and handler control), instrument interlock connector, and TSP-Link connectors make it simple to configure multiple instrument test solutions and eliminate the need to invest in additional adapter accessories.

Convert Raw Data to Information

A full graphical plotting window converts raw data and displays it immediately as useful information, such as semiconductor I-V curves and waveforms. Using the 2470's Sheet view, test data can also be displayed in tabular form. The instrument supports exporting data to a spreadsheet for further analysis, dramatically improving productivity for research, benchtop testing, device qualification, and debugging.

TriggerFlow Building Blocks for Instrument Control and Execution

The 2470 incorporates Keithley's TriggerFlow triggering system, which provides user control of instrument execution. TriggerFlow diagrams are created in much the same way that flow charts are developed, using four building blocks:

• Wait - Waits for an event to occur before the flow continues

• Branch - Branches when a condition has been satisfied

• Action - Initiates an action in the instrument, for example, measure, source, delay, set digital I/O, etc.

• Notify - Notifies other equipment that an event has occurred

A TriggerFlow model using a combination of these building blocks can be created from the front panel or by sending remote commands. With the TriggerFlow system, users can build triggering models from very simple to complex with up to 255 block levels. The 2470 also includes basic triggering functions, including immediate, timer, and manual triggering.

Unmatched System Integration and Programming Flexibility

When a 2470 is configured into a multi-channel I-V test system, its embedded Test Script Processor (TSP) allows it to run test scripts, so users can create powerful measurement applications with significantly-reduced development times. TSP technology also offers channel expansion without a mainframe. Keithley's TSP-Link channel expansion bus can connect multiple 2470s and other TSP instruments, including Keithley's other graphical SourceMeter instruments (2450, 2460, 2461), Keithley's DMM7510, DMM6500, and DAQ6510 graphical multimeters, Series 2600B System SourceMeter SMU instruments, and Series 3700A Switch/Multimeter systems, in a master-subordinate configuration that operates as one integrated system. The TSP-Link expansion bus supports up to 32 units per GPIB or IP address, making it easy to scale a system to fit an application's particular requirements.

Parallel Test Capability

The TSP technology in the 2470 supports testing multiple devices in parallel to meet the needs of device research, advanced semiconductor lab applications, and even high throughput production test. This parallel testing capability allows each instrument in the system to run its own complete test sequence, creating a fully multi-threaded test environment. The number of tests that can be run in parallel on a graphical SourceMeter can be as high as the number of instruments in the system.

Instrument Control Start-up Software

KickStart instrument control/start-up software enable users to start making measurements in minutes without programming. In most cases, users merely need to make some quick measurements, graph the data, and store the data to disk for later analysis in software environments such as Excel. KickStart offers:

• Instrument configuration control to perform I-V characterization

• Native X-Y graphing, panning, and zooming

• Spreadsheet/tabular viewing of data

• Saving and exporting of data for further analysis

• Saving of test setups

• Screenshot capturing of graphs

• Annotating of tests

• Command line dialog for sending and receiving data

• HTML help

• GPIB, USB 2.0, Ethernet compliance

Simplified Programming with Ready-to-Use Instrument Drivers

For those who prefer to create their own customized application software, native National Instruments LabVIEW drivers, and IVI-C and IVICOM drivers are available.

Key Performance Specifications

• Digital I/O lines:

- Six input/output user-defined for digital I/O or triggering

- 9-pin female D connector

- 0.7V (maximum logic low) and 3.7V (minimum logic high) input signal levels

-0.25V (absolute minimum) an +5.25V (absolute maximum) input voltage limits

- 2.0mA @ >2.7V (per pin) maximum source current

-50mA @ 0.7V (per pin solid-state fuse protected) maximum sink current

- 5V power supply pin limited to 500mA @ >4V (solid-state fuse protected)

• Power supply: 100VRMS to 240VRMS, 50Hz, or 60Hz (automatically detected at power up)
• 0°C to 50°C operating temperature

Key Features

• Upto 1100V / 1A DC 20W maximum wide coverage

• 10fA measure resolution
• 0.012% basic measure accuracy with 6½-digit resolution
• 5" high resolution capacitive touch screen GUI
• Source and sink (4-quadrant) operation
• Standard Commands for Programmable Instruments (SCPI) and Test Script Processor (TSP®) scripting programming modes
• TSP-link for multi-channel I-V testing
• Front panel input banana jacks and rear panel high-voltage input triaxial connections
• Built-in context-sensitive help
• Front-panel USB 2.0 memory I/O port for transferring data, test scripts, and test configurations

Applications

• Devices: Power semiconductors and materials:
- SiC, GaN, power MOSFETs, and power diodes
- IGBT
- Thyristors and SCRs
- Transient suppression devices
- Circuit protection devices:
- TVS, MOVs, and fuses
- Connectors, switches, and relays
- Power management modules
- Batteries

• Tests: I-V characterization
- Forward voltage
- Breakdown voltage
- Leakage current
- Isolation
- Hi-Pot
- Dielectric withstanding

The 2450, Keithley’s next-generation SourceMeter source measure unit (SMU), a 200V, 1A, 20W instrument, truly brings Ohm’s law (current, voltage, and resistance) testing right to your fingertips. Its innovative graphical user interface (GUI) and advanced, capacitive touchscreen technology allow intuitive usage and minimize the learning curve to enable engineers and scientists to learn faster, work smarter, and invent easier. The 2450 is the SMU for everyone: a versatile instrument, particularly well-suited for characterizing modern scaled semiconductors, nano-scale devices and materials, organic semiconductors, printed electronics, and other small-geometry and low-power devices. All this combined with Keithley SMU precision and accuracy allows users to Touch, Test, Invent® with the new favorite go-to instrument in the lab for years to come.

Contents

2450 SourceMeter® unit, High performance test leads, USB-B-1 Type A to type B USB cable, CS-1616-3 safety interlock mating connector, CA-180-3A TSP-link/Ethernet cable, Quick start guide. Documentation (downloadable). Test script builder software (downloadable), KickStart start-up software (downloadable), LabVIEW and IVI drivers (downloadable).

Footnotes:

Calibration services available for this product. Choose from a Standard Certificated Service or an internationally recognised UKAS accredited calibration.

Warnings:

Hazardous voltages may be present on all output and guard terminals. To prevent electrical shock that could cause injury or death, never make or break connections to 2450 while instrument is on.

Graphical touchscreen reduces your learning curve, enables quick setup, and gives you results faster.

The Model 2450 is Keithley's next-generation SourceMeter source measure unit (SMU) Instrument that truly brings Ohm's law (current, voltage, and resistance) testing right to your fingertips. Its innovative graphical user interface (GUI) and advanced, capacitive touchscreen technology allow intuitive usage and minimize the learning curve to enable engineers and scientists to learn faster, work smarter, and invent easier.

Touch, Test, Invent

The 2450 is the SMU for everyone: a versatile instrument, particularly well-suited for characterizing modern scaled semiconductors, nano-scale devices and materials, organic semiconductors, printed electronics, and other small-geometry and low-power devices. All this combined with Keithley SMU precision and accuracy allow users to Touch, Test, Invent™ with the new favorite go-to instrument in the lab for years to come.

Learn Faster, Work Smarter, Invent Easier

Unlike conventional instruments with dedicated push-button technology and small, obscure, limited- character displays, the 2450 features a five-inch, full-color, high resolution touchscreen that facilitates ease of use and learning and optimizes overall speed and productivity. A simple menu structure reduces configuration steps by as much as 50 percent and eliminates the cumbersome multi-layer menu structures typically used on soft-key instruments. Built-in, context-sensitive help enables intuitive operation and minimizes the need to review a separate manual. These capabilities combined with its application versatility make the 2450 the SMU instrument inherently easy to use for basic and advanced measurement applications, regardless of your experience level with SMU instruments.

Fourth-Generation, All-in-One SMU Instrument

The 2450 is the fourth-generation member of Keithley's award-winning SourceMeter family of SMU instruments and is based on the proven architecture of the Model 2400 SourceMeter SMU Instrument. It offers a highly flexible, four-quadrant voltage and current source/load coupled with precision voltage and current meters. This all-in-one instrument can be used as a:

• Precision power supply with V and I readback

• True current source
• Digital multimeter (DCV, DCI, ohms, and power with 6-1/2 digit resolution)
• Precision electronic load
• Trigger controller

Start taking measurements in minutes with KickStart

Making measurements is easy with KickStart. Perform I-V characterization, data logging, and voltage sourcing with load current measurements. View data in graphical or tabular format. Data can be stored to a disk for later analysis in a software environment such as Microsoft Excel.

Ease of Use Beyond the Touchscreen

In addition to its five-inch, color touchscreen, the 2450 front panel has many features that supplement its speed, user-friendliness, and learnability, including a USB 2.0 memory I/O port, a HELP key, a rotary navigation/control knob, a front/rear input selector button, and banana jacks for basic bench applications. The USB 2.0 memory port supports easy data storing, saving instrument configurations, loading test scripts, and system upgrades. Plus, all front panel buttons are backlit to enhance visibility in low-light environments.

Key Features

• Capabilities of analyzers, curve tracers, and I-V systems at a fraction of their cost
• Five-inch, high resolution capacitive touchscreen GUI
• 0.012% basic measure accuracy with 6½-digit resolution
• Enhanced sensitivity with new 20mV and 10nA source/measure ranges
• Source and sink (four-quadrant) operation
• Built-in, context-sensitive front panel help
• Front panel input banana jacks; rear panel input triaxial connections
• 2450 SCPI and TSP® scripting programming modes, 2400 SCPI-compatible programming mode
• Perform I-V Characterization using Keithley's KickStart Software
• 106 x 255 x 425mm, 4.04Kg weight with bumpers, 88 x 213 x 403mm, 3.58Kg weight w/o bumpers (HxWxD)
• One year warranty

Attributes

• Watts 20
• Amps 1
• Voltage 200
• Condition New

Bandwidth: 4 GHz

The TSG4100A Series RF Vector Signal Generator offers mid-range performance and up to 200 MHz modulation bandwidth at an entry-level RF signal generator price. They use a new technique to provide spurious free outputs with low phase noise (-113 dBc/Hz at 20 kHz offset from 1 GHz carrier) and extraordinary frequency resolution (1 μHz at any frequency). The TSG4100A Series comes standard with analog modulation. Convenient, in-field software upgrades allow for easy transition from analog to more advanced vector and digital modulation capabilities, providing the most flexible configuration and best CAPEX protection. These instruments complement other leading mid-range RF test solutions from Tektronix, such as the USB-based RSA306 Spectrum Analyzer and MDO4000B and MDO3000 Mixed Domain Oscilloscopes.

The TSG4100A Series instruments use an ovenized SC-cut oscillator (TSG410xA-M00 or E1 models) time-base, providing a 100 X improvement in stability (and a 100 X reduction in the in-close phase noise) compared to instruments that use a TCXO time-base.

Key performance specifications

• True DC to 2 GHz, 4 GHz or 6 GHz to support both analog and vector/digital signal generation
• Typical ≤±0.30 dB amplitude accuracy (0 dBm CW signal at 22 ºC) from 10 MHz to 6 GHz
• I/Q modulation inputs (400 MHz RF bandwidth)
• ASK, FSK, MSK, PSK, QAM, VSB, and custom I/Q

Key features

• Analog and vector/digital signal generation capabilities
• Dual baseband ARB generators
• Analog modulation standard
• Soft key upgrade to vector/digital modulation at very low cost
• Digital modulation applications for GSM, EDGE, W-CDMA, APCO-25, DECT, NADC, PDC, and TETRA
• USB, GPIB, RS-232, and LAN interfaces
• 12 pounds (5.6 kg)
• 2U high and half standard rack width

Analog modulation

The Tektronix TSG4100A Series RF Vector Signal Generators offer a wide variety of modulation capabilities. Modes include amplitude modulation (AM), frequency modulation (FM), phase modulation (ΦM), and pulse modulation. There is an internal modulation source as well as an external modulation input. The internal modulation source produces sine, ramp, saw, square, and noise waveforms. An external modulation signal may be applied to the rear panel modulation input. The internal modulation generator is available as an output on the rear panel.

Vector modulation

The TSG4100A Series builds on this performance by adding full support for vector signal modulation on RF carriers between 400 MHz and 6.0 GHz. It features a dual arbitrary waveform generator operating at 125 MHz for baseband signal generation. The generator has built-in support for the most common vector modulation schemes: ASK, QPSK, DQPSK, π/4 DQPSK, 8PSK, FSK, CPM, QAM (4 to 256), 8VSB, and 16VSB. It also includes built-in support for all the standard pulse shaping filters used in digital communications: raised cosine, root-raised cosine, Gaussian, rectangular, triangular, and more. Lastly, it provides direct support for the controlled injection of additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) into the signal path.

Internal baseband generators

Using a novel architecture for I/Q modulation, the TSG4100A Series provides quick, user-friendly waveform generation. The baseband generator supports the playback of pure digital data. It automatically maps digital symbols into a selected I/Q constellation at symbol rates of up to 6 MHz and passes the result through the selected pulse shaping filter to generate a final waveform updated in real time at 125 MHz. This baseband signal is then modulated onto an RF carrier using standard IQ modulation techniques.

Digital communications protocols (GSM, GSM EDGE, W-CDMA, APCO-25, DECT, NADC, PDC, and TETRA) quickly configure the signal generator to the correct modulation type, symbol data rates, TDMA duty cycles, and digital waveform filters. The preset protocols also configure the rear-panel TDMA, START of FRAME, and SYMBOL CLOCK digital outputs. The baseband generators can be configured for these protocols without the use of external computers or third party software.

The I/Q waveforms are computed in real time. Symbols are mapped to constellations, digitally filtered, and up-sampled to 125 Msps to drive the I/Q modulator via dual 14-bit DACs. The symbols can be a fixed pattern, PRBS data from an internal source, or come from a downloaded user list of up to 16 Mbits.

The constellation mapping can be modified by the user. Digital filters include raised cosine, root raised cosine, Gaussian, rectangular, linear, sinc, and user-defined FIR.

External IQ modulation

The rear-panel BNC I/Q modulation inputs and outputs enable arbitrary vector modulation via an external source. The external signal path supports maximally 400 MHz of RF bandwidth with a full scale range of ±0.5 V and a 50 Ω input impedance.

Power vs. frequency

All TSG4100A Series models have cascaded stages of amplifiers and digital attenuators to drive the RF output. Five stages can provide up to +25 dB of gain to -130 dB of attenuation in 156 digitally controlled steps. During factory calibration, the output power is measured at 32 frequencies per octave for each of the 156 attenuator steps to populate a memory matrix with about 40,000 elements. When set to a particular frequency and power, the instrument interpolates between these matrix elements to determine the best attenuator setting. An analog attenuator is used to provide 0.01 dB resolution between matrix elements and to compensate for residual thermal effects.

OCXO time-base

These instruments offer an oven-controlled crystal oscillator (OCXO) time-base. The time-base uses a third-overtone stress-compensated 10 MHz resonator in a thermostatically controlled oven. The time-base provides very low phase noise and very low aging.

Easy remote communications

Remote operation is supported with RS-232, LAN, and GPIB interfaces. All instrument functions can be controlled and read over any of the interfaces. Up to nine instrument configurations can be saved in non-volatile memory.

Specifications

Model	In-field Upgradable Options	Frequency Coverage
TSG4104A	Basic Vector Modulation, GSM, EDGE, P25, W-CDMA, DECT, NADC, PDC, TETRA, Audio Analysis, External IQ Modulation	4 GHz

Digital Multimeter/Data Acquisition/Datalogging System with 5-Slot Systems Switch/GPIB and RS-232 Interfaces

The Keithley 2750 5-Slot Multimeter/Data Acquisition/Switch System's flexible, five-slot mainframe combines a 6 1/2-digit, 14-function DMM with support for up to 200 channels of two-pole switching and multi-channel analog/digital I/O control. This tight integration simplifies system design while it minimizes rack space requirements. It also allows the 2750 to scan and measure more than 200 channels per second, ensuring shorter test times and greater productivity than competitive approaches. Currently, the 2750 supports twelve optional plug-in switch/control modules and additional modules are already in development. Up to five modules can be mixed or matched to provide the combination of switching and control capabilities today's ATE and data acquisition systems demand. For the flexibility needed for tomorrow's applications, the 2750's on-board flash memory can be reprogrammed to support new Keithley modules as they are introduced.

Expanded resistance measurement ranges allow the 2750 to address applications that normally require costly and complex micro-ohmmeters, such as precision milli- or micro-ohm measurements of connectors, harnesses, squibs, sensors, semiconductors, and other low ohms devices. Production floor features such as open test lead indication and an offset compensation mode help eliminate troublesome "false failures" than can result from problems with test stand wiring, connections, relays, or cabling. The built-in 20mV clamp helps protect sensitive DUTs from damage and prevents self-heating errors during testing. The 2750 can also handle series lead resistances of up to 80% of range and still meet specification-this important capability helps ensure measurement integrity in large, multipoint test system applications.

Key Features

• Up to 200 differential input channels (with 300V isolation) for measurement and control
• Combines functions of DMM, switch system, and datalogger
• True 61/2-digit (22-bit) resolution
• 1O range with 1µO resolution
• 20mV clamp for dry circuit testing
• Choice of 12 switch/control plug-in modules
• TestPoint start-up software
• LabVIEW, LabWindows/CVI, Visual Basic, C/C++, and TestPoint drivers
• Optional ExceLINX-1A datalogging software
• Applications:
• Connectors
• Squibs
• Sensors
• Semiconductors
• Fuses
• Relays
• Harnesses
• Resistive devices

Included

• 1 - 5-Slot Multimeter/Data Acquisition/Switch System w/Line Cord
• 1 - Safety Test Leads (1751)
• 1 - Hardware for Rack Mounting
• 1 - Certificate of Calibration
• 1 - User Manual (P/N 2750-900-00)
• 1 - Manual Addenda

Bandwidth: 50 MHz
Analog Channels: 1

The 3390 Arbitrary Waveform/Function Generator provides both a full set of standard waveforms and custom waveform generation. The internal arbitrary waveform generator uses 14-bit resolution and a 125MSamples/second sampling rate to enable the creation of any type of waveform. The waveform can consist of up to 256k points. Up to four user-defined waveforms can be stored in the onboard non-volatile memory. Output standard waveforms from the front panel or create custom waveforms with the KiWAVE signal generation software.

Benefits

• Allows creating standard output waveforms with a single button press.
• Supports generating more precise pulses and square waves with sharp edges
• Simplifies controlling how much or how little noise is injected into the device under test.
• Enables creation of a wide range of signal transmission formats.
• Lets you test clock and data lines, simulate digital control signals, and send test protocols.
• Simplifies controlling multiple instruments from the same source, connecting multiple Model 3390s together, and synchronizing multiple signals of any shape
• Allows you to test easily over a range of frequencies and determine receive circuit response times.
• Helps define and manage waveforms, apply filters to waveforms, and display waveforms on a PC.
• Lets you select the optimum interface.

Key features

• Built-in function generator capability includes simplifies generating sine, square, triangle, noise, DC, ramp, and pulse waveforms
• Fast (5ns) rise/fall times
• Adjustable noise amplitude and offset
• Built-in AM, FM, PM, FSK, PWM modulation, or use an external modulation source
• 16-bit digital pattern generation
• Built-in 10MHz external time base
• Sweep and burst modes
• KiWAVE waveform creation software
• LAN, USB, and GPIB interfaces

Specifications

Model	Vertical Resolution	Sample Rate	Output Frequency	Bandwidth	Analog Channels
3390	14 bits	125MS/s	1µHz – 50MHz	50MHz	1